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cursed soldiers
The cursed soldiers (that is, "accursed soldiers" or "damned soldiers"; (ポーランド語:Żołnierze wyklęci)) is a name applied to a variety of anti-communist Polish resistance movements formed in the later stages of World War II and afterwards. Created by some members of the Polish Secret State, these clandestine organizations continued their armed struggle against the Stalinist government of Poland well into the 1950s. The guerrilla warfare included an array of military attacks launched against the new communist prisons as well as MBP state security offices, detention facilities for political prisoners, and concentration camps set up across the country. Most of the Polish anti-communist groups ceased to exist in the late 1940s or 1950s, hunted down by MBP security services and NKVD assassination squads. However, the last known 'cursed soldier', Józef Franczak, was killed in an ambush as late as 1963, almost 20 years after the Soviet take-over of Poland.〔 〕〔 〕
The best-known Polish anti-communist resistance organizations operating in Stalinist Poland included Freedom and Independence (Wolność i Niezawisłość, WIN), National Armed Forces (Narodowe Siły Zbrojne, NSZ), National Military Union (Narodowe Zjednoczenie Wojskowe, NZW), Konspiracyjne Wojsko Polskie (Underground Polish Army, KWP), Ruch Oporu Armii Krajowej (Home Army Resistance, ROAK), Armia Krajowa Obywatelska (Citizens' Home Army, AKO), NIE (NO, short for ''Niepodległość''), Armed Forces Delegation for Poland (Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj), and Wolność i Sprawiedliwość (Freedom and Justice, WiS).〔 Similar Eastern European anti-communists fought on in other countries.
==Historical background==
With the advance of Soviet forces across Poland against Nazi Germany, the Soviet and Polish communists who set up the brand new government called the Polish Committee of National Liberation in 1944 realized that the Polish Secret State loyal to the Polish government-in-exile had to be abolished before they could gain complete control over Poland.〔 Future General Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party Władysław Gomułka pronounced that "Soldiers of AK are a hostile element which must be removed without mercy". Another prominent communist, Roman Zambrowski, said that the AK had to be "exterminated".〔
Armia Krajowa (or simply AK)-the main Polish resistance movement in World War II-had officially disbanded on 19 January 1945 to prevent a slide into armed conflict with the Red Army, including an increasing threat of civil war over Poland's sovereignty. However, many units decided to continue on with their struggle under new circumstances, seeing the Soviet forces as new occupiers. Meanwhile, Soviet partisans in Poland had already been ordered by Moscow on June 22, 1943 to engage Polish ''Leśni'' partisans in combat.〔Tadeusz Piotrowski, ''Poland's Holocaust'', McFarland & Company, 1997, ISBN 0-7864-0371-3. (Google Print, pp. 88 ), (89 ), (90 ).〕 They commonly fought Poles more often than they did the Germans.〔(Review of ''Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland'' ), by Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, in Sarmatian Review, April 2006.〕 The main forces of the Red Army (Northern Group of Forces) and the NKVD had begun conducting operations against AK partisans already during and directly after the Polish Operation Tempest, designed by the Poles as a preventive action to assure Polish rather than Soviet control of the cities after the German withdrawal.〔Andrzej Kaczyński, Rzeczpospolita, 02.10.04 Nr 232, ''(Wielkie polowanie: Prześladowania akowców w Polsce Ludowej )'' (Great hunt: the persecutions of AK soldiers in the People's Republic of Poland), last accessed on 7 June 2006 .〕 Soviet premier Joseph Stalin aimed to ensure that an independent Poland would never reemerge in the postwar period.〔Judith Olsak-Glass, (Review of Piotrowski's ''Poland's Holocaust'' ) in Sarmatian Review, January 1999.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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